Hikina Prefabricated House Manufacture (Shandong) Co., Ltd.

Moolelo o ka hale hana mua

P

ost-World War II Prefabricated Aluminum and Steel Houses and their Relevance Today

1. Kahua

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II (WW II), ua hāʻule ka ʻona home o ʻAmelika i kahi haʻahaʻa o 43.6% i ka makahiki 1940, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ka Great Depression a me ka nāwaliwali o ka hoʻokele waiwai o US ma hope.I ka wā WW II, ua hoʻopuka ka War Production Board i ka Conservation Order L-41 ma ka lā 9 ʻApelila 1942, e waiho ana i nā hana a pau ma lalo o ka mana paʻa.Na ke kauoha i pono i ka poe kukulu hale ke loaa ka mana mai ka War Production Board e hoomaka i ke kukulu ana i ke kumu kuai oi aku mamua o kekahi mau paepae i ka manawa o 12 mau mahina.No ke kūkulu hale noho, he $500 kēlā palena, me nā palena kiʻekiʻe no ke kūkulu ʻoihana a me ka mahiʻai.ʻIke ʻia ka hopena o kēia mau mea i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale noho ma US ma waena o 1921 a me 1945 ma ka pakuhi aʻe, e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ka nui i ka wā o ka Depression Nui a ma hope o ka hoʻopuka ʻia ʻana o ke Kauoha L-41.

KA WAIWAI-O-HALE-KUMU-1921-1945

 

Puna: "Ke kūkulu ʻana i nā makahiki kaua - 1942 -45,"
Keena Hana Hana, Bulletin No. 915

I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua manaʻo ʻia he 7.6 miliona mau pūʻali koa ma waho.Ua hoʻopau ka War Production Board i ka L-41 ma ka lā 15 ʻOkakopa 1945, ʻelima mau mahina ma hope o ka lā VE (Victory in Europe) ma ka lā 8 Mei 1945 a me ʻeono pule ma hope o ka pau ʻana o WW II i ka wā i hāʻawi maoli ʻia ai ʻo Iapana ma 2 Kepakemapa 1945. I nā mahina ʻelima mai ka lā VE , ma kahi o ʻekolu miliona mau koa i hoʻi mua i ka US.Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ua kū ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hoʻi ʻana mai o kekahi mau miliona o nā koa kahiko.Nui ka poʻe i loko o kēia pūʻulu nui o ka poʻe kahiko e ʻimi nei e kūʻai i nā hale ma nā mākeke hale i mākaukau ʻole no ko lākou hōʻea ʻana.I loko o ka manawa pōkole o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ke Kauoha L-41, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o kēlā me kēia mahina o nā hoʻolimalima hale pilikino.ʻO kēia wale nō ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka boom hale ma hope o ke kaua ma US.

Ma Malaki 1946ʻepekema kaulanaʻatikala i kapa ʻia ʻo "Stopgap Housing," ʻo ka mea kākau, ʻo Hartley Howe, i ʻōlelo ai, "Inā paha e kūkulu ʻia nā hale paʻa 1,200,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki - a ʻaʻole i kūkulu ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 1,000,000 i hoʻokahi makahiki - he 10 mau makahiki ma mua o ka holoʻokoʻa. noho pono ʻia ka lāhui.No laila, pono ka hale no ka manawa lōʻihi e hooki i kēlā hakahaka. "No ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi kōkua koke, ua hoʻolako ke aupuni Pekelala i nā tausani he nui o ke kaua koena kila Quonset hale no nā hale kīwila pōkole.

Ke alo nei i kahi paʻakikī ʻē aʻe i ka wā ma hope o ke kaua, nui nā ʻoihana kaua i ʻoki ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia paha kā lākou hana ʻoihana.Me ka emi ʻana o ka hana pūʻali koa, ua ʻimi ka ʻoihana mokulele US i nā manawa ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou alumini, kila a me nā mea hana plastics i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma hope o ke kaua.

2. Nā hale alumini a me nā hale kila ma hope o ka WW II ma US

Ma ka 2 September 1946 pukana oNuhou Lewama ka magazine, aia kahi ʻatikala i kapa ʻia "E hana ana ka oihana mokulele i na hale alumini no na koa kahiko," i hōʻike i kēia mau mea:

  • "Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻelua a me ka hapalua mau mea hana mokulele e komo koke i ka papahana hale i kūkulu mua ʻia e ke aupuni."
  • "E noʻonoʻo nā hui mokulele i ka FHA (Federal Housing Administration) i ʻae ʻia i ka alumini a me kāna hui pū ʻana me ka plywood a me ka insulation, aʻo nā hui ʻē aʻe e kūkulu i nā prefabs i ke kila a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.E hāʻawi ʻia nā hoʻolālā i nā mea hana. "
  • "Aneane ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana alumini hoʻonui kaua a pau no ka uhi ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i nā papahana kūkulu wikiwiki;ʻaʻohe mea i koe no ka papahana prefab.Ua loaʻa iā Civilian Production Administration mai nā kikoʻī FHA no ka pepa alumini a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe e hana ʻia, aia paha ma lalo o nā mea nui.ʻO ka hapa nui o ka pepa alumini no nā prefabs he 12 a 20 ana - .019 - .051 iniha.

I ʻOkakopa 1946,Nuhou LewaUa hōʻike ka magazine magazine, "ʻO ke kaua hoʻoweliweli ma luna o ka alumini no ka hale, no nā mokulele a me nā huahana he nui ma hope o ke kaua ma 1947, ʻaʻole i manaʻo nui ʻia e ka National Housing Agency, ke kūkākūkā nei me nā hui mokulele e kūkulu i nā hale panel alumini prefabricated i ka uku makahiki e like me ke kiʻekiʻe. 500,000.”……” ʻO ka ʻae hope ʻana e nā ʻenekinia NHA o ka Lincoln Homes Corp. 'waffle' panel (ʻili alumina ma luna o kahi kumu hoʻohui honeycomb) ʻo ia kahi ʻanuʻu hou i ka hoʻoholo ʻana e nā hui mokulele e komo i ke kahua.… ʻO ka huahana o nā hale i ka makahiki 1947, inā kokoke lākou e hālāwai me nā noi NHA, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kā lākou hana ʻana i nā mokulele, i kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o $1 biliona no 1946.

I ka hopena o ka makahiki 1946, ua ʻōlelo ka Luna Hoʻokele FHA, ʻo Wilson Wyatt, i ka War Assets Administration (WAA), i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Ianuali 1946 e hoʻokuʻu aku i nā waiwai a me nā mea waiwai a ke aupuni, e ʻauʻa i nā hale hana mokulele keu mai ka hoʻolimalima a kūʻai aku a hāʻawi i nā mokulele. makemake nā mea hana i ke komo ʻana i nā hale hana keu o ke kaua i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia no ka hana nui ʻana o nā hale.Ua ʻae ka WAA.

Ma lalo o ka papahana aupuni, ua pale ʻia nā mea hana hale hana mua me nā hōʻoia FHA e uhi i 90% o nā kumukūʻai, me ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) e kūʻai i nā hale ʻaʻole i kūʻai ʻia.

Nui nā mea hana mokulele i hoʻopaʻa kūkākūkā mua me ka FHA, me: Douglas, McDonnell, Martin, Bell, Fairchild, Curtis-Wright, Consolidated-Vultee, North American, Goodyear a me Ryan.ʻAʻole i komo ʻo Boeing i kēlā mau kūkākūkā a ua puka mua ʻo Douglas, McDonnell a me Ryan.I ka hopena, ʻaʻole makemake ka hapa nui o nā mea hana mokulele e hoʻokau iā lākou iho i ka papahana hale prefab postwar, ʻo ka hapa nui o ko lākou hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i kā lākou ʻoihana mokulele mokulele e kū nei ma muli o nā kuhi mākeke maopopo ʻole o ka nui a me ka lōʻihi o ka mākeke hale prefab a me ka nele o kahi ʻaelike kikoʻī. nā manaʻo mai ka FHA a me ka NHA.

ʻO ka hihia pāʻoihana mua no nā hale alumini ma hope o ke kaua a me ke kila i hana mua ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hana wikiwiki ʻia i ka nui a kūʻai maikaʻi ʻia ma ke kumu kūʻai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā hale i kūkulu ʻia i ka lāʻau.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻihoʻi hou nā hui hana mokulele i kekahi o ka nui o ka hana i nalowale ma hope o ka pau ʻana o WW II a ua pale ʻia lākou mai ka hapa nui o kā lākou pilikia kālā i nā ʻoihana hana hale prefab.

ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, ʻaʻole kūʻē ka poʻe ʻaelike kūkulu hale a me nā hui ʻoihana kūkulu hale i kēia papahana e hana nui i nā hale i hana mua ʻia ma nā hale hana, no ka mea e lawe ʻia kēia ʻoihana mai ka ʻoihana kūkulu.Ma nā kūlanakauhale he nui, ʻaʻole ʻae nā uniona i kā lākou mau lālā e hoʻokomo i nā mea hana mua.ʻO nā mea paʻakikī hou aʻe, ʻaʻole i kūpono nā code hale kūloko a me nā ʻāpana zoning me ka hoʻolālā nui i hoʻolālā ʻia o nā hale i hana nui ʻia, prefabricated.

ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻia nā manaʻolana maikaʻi no ka hana ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale alumini prefabricated a me nā hale kila ma hope o WW II USA.Ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā haneli haneli o nā hale i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ua hana nā mea hana ʻelima US ma lalo o 2,600 mau hale alumini hou a me ke kila i hana mua ʻia i nā makahiki he ʻumi ma hope o WW II: Beech Aircraft, Lincoln Houses Corp., Consolidated-Vultee, Lustron Corp. . a me ka Hui Aluminum o Amerika (Alcoa).ʻO ka mea likeʻole,ʻo nā mea hana mua e hāʻawi ana i nā hale maʻamau i hanaʻia he 37,200 mau'āpana ma 1946 a me 37,400 i ka makahiki 1947. Aia ka makemake o ka mākeke, akā,ʻaʻole no nā hale alumini a me ke kila.

ʻO ka US post-WW II i hana mua i ka alumini a me nā hale kila

ʻAʻole i hana nui kēia mau mea hana US i ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hemahema o ka hale ma hope o WW II.Eia nō naʻe, ke kū nei kēia mau hale alumini a me ke kila ma ke ʻano he mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā hale kūʻai aku, ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hiki ke hana nui ʻia a hiki i kēia lā e kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hemahema o nā hale kūʻai aku ma nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kaona o ka US.

Ua hoʻokō ʻia kekahi o nā koi hale ma hope o ka WW II me ka pau ʻole, nā hale no ka manawa e hoʻohana hou ʻia ana, nā hale kaua Quonset hut, nā hale kaua koa, nā hale noho ʻohana no ka manawa lōʻihi, nā hale hoʻokipa hikiwawe, nā hale kaʻa, a me nā "hale hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia. , "i hoʻolālā ʻia e wehe ʻia, hoʻoneʻe ʻia a hui hou i nā wahi āpau e pono ai.Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu hou aʻe e pili ana i ka post-WW II stop gap houses in the US in Hartley Howe's March 1946 article in Popular Science (e nānā i ka loulou ma lalo).

Ua piʻi koke ka ʻoihana kūkulu ma hope o WW II e kōkua i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka noi hale me nā hale paʻa i kūkulu ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻamau, me ka nui o nā mea i kūkulu ʻia ma nā ʻāpana hale nui i ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana i nā wahi kūloko.Ma waena o 1945 a me 1952, ua hōʻike ka Veterans Administration ua kākoʻo ʻo ia ma kahi o 24 miliona mau hōʻaiʻē home no ka poʻe kahiko o WW II.Ua kōkua kēia poʻe koa i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka home nona ka US mai 43.6% i 1940 a i 62% i 1960.

Ua hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ʻelua mau hale alumini a me nā hale kila ma hope o ka WW II a ua hōʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu ma nā hale hōʻikeʻike ma lalo nei.

Eia hou, hiki iā ʻoe ke kipa aku i kekahi mau WW II Quonset hut ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Seabees a me Memorial Park ma North Kingstown, Rhode Island.ʻAʻohe mea i kāhiko ʻia e like me ke keʻena kīwila post-WW II.Aia ka pūnaewele hale hōʻikeʻike:https://www.seabeesmuseum.com

E ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻike hou aʻe ma kaʻu mau ʻatikala e pili ana i nā hale alumini prefabricated US post-WW II ma nā loulou aʻe:

3. Nā hale alumini a me nā hale kila ma hope o ka WW II ma UK

I ka pau ʻana o ka WW II ma ʻEulopa (ʻo ka lā VE ʻo 8 Mei 1945), ua kū ka UK i kahi pilikia nui o ka hale i ka hoʻi ʻana o kā lākou pūʻali koa i ka home i kahi ʻāina i nalowale ma kahi o 450,000 mau hale i ka pōʻino o ke kaua.

Ma ka 26 Malaki 1944, ua haʻi ʻo Winston Churchill i kahi ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi e hoʻohiki ana e hana ʻo UK i 500,000 mau hale i hana mua ʻia e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hemahema o ka hale.Ma hope o ka makahiki, ua hoʻoholo ka Parliament i ke Kānāwai Housing (Temporary Accommodation), 1944, e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka Ministry of Reconstruction me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hopena no ka hemahema o ka hale a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i 300,000 mau ʻāpana i loko o 10 mau makahiki, me kahi kālā o £150 miliona.

Ua hāʻawi ke kānāwai i nā hoʻolālā he nui, me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale no ka manawa pōkole me kahi ola i hoʻolālā ʻia a hiki i 10 mau makahiki.Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka Polokalamu Housing Temporary (THP) ma ke ʻano he papahana hale hale Emergency Factory Made (EFM).ʻO nā kūlana maʻamau i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka Ministry of Works (MoW) e koi i nā ʻāpana prefabricated EFM āpau i kekahi mau ʻano, me:

  • ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka papahele o 635 kapuaʻi square (59 m2)
  • ʻO 7.5 kapuaʻi (2.3 m) ka laulā kiʻekiʻe o nā modules i hana mua ʻia e hiki ai ke kaʻa ʻana ma ke alanui a puni ka ʻāina.
  • E hoʻokō i ka manaʻo o ka MoW no kahi “lawelawe lawelawe,” nāna i hoʻonoho i ka lumi kuke a me ka lumi ʻauʻau i hope i hope e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke ala ʻana i nā paipu a me nā laina uila a e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana ʻana o ka hale hana.
  • Ua pena ʻia ka hale hana, me ka "magnolia" (melemele-keʻokeʻo) ka waihoʻoluʻu mua a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me ke kala ʻoki.

I ka makahiki 1944, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka UK Ministry of Works i kahi hōʻike ākea ma ka Tate Gallery ma Lākana o ʻelima mau ʻano hale kūʻokoʻa prefabricated.

  • ʻO ka Portal all-steel prototype bungalow
  • ʻO ka hale kūʻai alumini AIROH (Aircraft Industries Research Organization on Housing), i hana ʻia mai nā mea mokulele keu.
  • ʻO ka hale hale kūʻai kila ʻo Arcon me nā panela konikō asbestos.Ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia deign mai ka prototype Portal kila a pau.
  • ʻElua hoʻolālā prefab i kālai ʻia i ka lāʻau, ʻo Tarran a me Uni-Seco

Ua mālama hou ʻia kēia hōʻike kaulana i ka makahiki 1945 ma Lākana.

Ua lohi nā pilikia o ke kaulahao i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka papahana EFM.Ua haʻalele ʻia ka Portal all-steel i ʻAukake 1945 ma muli o ka hemahema o ke kila.I ka waena waena o 1946, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia kahi hapa lāʻau i nā mea hana prefab ʻē aʻe.Ua kū ʻia nā hale hana mua o AIROH a me Arcon me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana ʻana a me ke kumu kūʻai o ke kūkulu ʻana, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau hale kūʻai liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā hale lāʻau a me nā hale brick.

Ma lalo o ka Lend-Lease Program i hoʻolaha ʻia ma Pepeluali 1945, ua ʻae ʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻolako i ka UK me nā hale kūʻai lāʻau i kūkulu ʻia e US i kapa ʻia ʻo UK 100. ʻO ka makana mua no 30,000 mau ʻāpana, a ma hope iho ua hoʻemi ʻia i 8,000.Ua pau kēia ʻaelike Lend-Lease i ʻAukake 1945 i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke UK e hoʻonui i kāna hana ponoʻī o nā hale prefabricated.Ua hōʻea mua ka US-kūkulu ʻia ʻo UK 100 prefabs i ka hopena o Mei/ke kakahiaka Iune 1945.

Ua kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻia ka papahana hana hou hale ma hope o ke kaua ʻo UK, e hāʻawi ana ma kahi o 1.2 miliona mau hale hou ma waena o 1945 a me 1951. I loko o kēia wā hana hou, 156,623 mau hale i hana mua ʻia o nā ʻano āpau i hāʻawi ʻia ma lalo o ka papahana EFM, i pau i ka makahiki 1949, e hāʻawi ana i nā hale no nā hale. ma kahi o ka hapalua miliona kanaka.ʻOi aku ma mua o 92,800 o kēia mau hale alumini a me ke kila.ʻO ka hale kūʻai alumini AIROH ka hiʻohiʻona EFM kaulana loa, a ukali ʻia e ka hale ʻo Arcon steel frame bungalow a laila ke kumu lāʻau Uni-Seco.Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ma mua o 48,000 mau hale alumini a me nā hale kila i kūkulu ʻia e AW Hawksley a me BISF i kēlā manawa.

I ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka helu liʻiliʻi loa o nā hale alumini ma hope o ke kaua a me ke kila i kūkuluʻia ma ka US, ua lanakila loa ka hanaʻana o ka alumini a me ke kila kila ma hope o ke kaua.

Ma kahi ʻatikala 25 Iune 2018 ma Manchester Evening News, ua hōʻike ka mea kākau ʻo Chris Osuh, "Ua manaʻo ʻia ma waena o 6 a i ʻole 7,000 o nā prefab post-war e noho mau ma UK…." Mālama ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Prefab i kahi palapala hoʻohui i ʻike ʻia. nā wahi hale prefab post-WW II ma UK ma ka loulou aʻe:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/map

Prefab-Museum-palapala-850x1024

 Kiʻi kiʻi o ka palapala ʻāina pili o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Prefab (ʻaʻole me nā prefabs ma Shetlands, aia ma luna o kēia kiʻi).

 

Ma UK, ʻo ke kūlana Papa II, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hale a he hoihoi kūikawā.He liʻiliʻi wale nō nā prefabs ma hope o ke kaua i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana ma ke ʻano he papa inoa papa II:

  • Ma kahi waiwai o nā hale hale kila Phoenix i kūkulu ʻia ma 1945 ma Wake Green Road, Moseley, Birmingham, 16 o 17 mau hale i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana Grade II ma 1998.
  • ʻEono Uni-Seco lāʻau bungalows i kūkulu ʻia ma 1945 - 46 ma ka Excalibur Estate, Lewisham, Lākana i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūlana Grade II ma 2009. I kēlā manawa, ʻo Excalibur Estates ka helu nui loa o WW II prefabs ma UK: 187 huina, o kekahi mau ʻano.

Ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau prefabs ma hope o ke kaua ma nā hale hōʻikeʻike ma UK a hiki ke kipa.

Manaʻo wau ʻo ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Prefab kahi kumu maikaʻi loa no ka ʻike ma UK post-WW II prefabs.I ka wā i hana ʻia ai ma Malaki 2014 e Elisabeth Blanchet (ka mea kākau o kekahi mau puke a me nā ʻatikala ma UK prefabs) a me Jane Hearn, ua loaʻa i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Prefab kona home i kahi prefab hakahaka ma ka ʻāina ʻo Excalibur ma ka hema o Lākana.Ma hope o ke ahi i ʻOkakopa 2014, ua pani ʻia ka hale hōʻikeʻike kino akā ua hoʻomau i kāna ʻoihana e hōʻiliʻili a hoʻopaʻa i nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, nā kiʻi a me nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ma o ka pūnaewele Prefab Museum ma ka loulou aʻe:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk

E ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻike hou aʻe ma kaʻu mau ʻatikala ma UK post-WW II prefabricated alumini a me nā hale kila ma nā loulou aʻe:

4. Nā hale alumini a me nā hale kila ma hope o ka WW II ma Farani

I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ʻo Farani, e like me UK, ua pilikia ka nui o nā hale ma muli o ka nui o nā hale a me nā hale i hōʻino ʻia a luku ʻia paha i nā makahiki kaua, ka nele o ke kūkulu hou ʻana i kēlā manawa, a me ka hemahema o nā mea e kākoʻo ai i nā mea hou. kūkulu ma hope o ke kaua.

No ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hemahema o ka hale i ka makahiki 1945, ua kūʻai ke Kuhina Hoʻoponopono Hou a me Urbanism Farani, ʻo Jean Monnet, i nā hale 8,000 UK 100 i hana mua ʻia i loaʻa iā UK mai ka US ma lalo o kahi ʻaelike Lend-Lease.Ua kūkulu ʻia kēia mau mea ma ka Hauts de France (kokoke i Belgium), Normandy a me Brittany, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā mea he nui i kēia lā.

Ua hoʻokumu ka Ministry of Reconstruction and Town Planning i nā koi no nā hale noho pōkole no nā poʻe i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ke kaua.Ma waena o nā hoʻonā mua i ʻimi ʻia, ʻo nā hale i hana mua ʻia me ke ana ʻana he 6 x 6 mika (19.6 x 19.6 kapuaʻi);ma hope ua hoʻonui ʻia i 6 × 9 mika (19.6 x 29.5 kapuaʻi).

Ma kahi o 154,000 mau hale kūʻokoʻa (ka Palani i kapa ʻia ʻo "baraques"), ma nā ʻano hoʻolālā like ʻole, i kūkulu ʻia ma Farani i nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua, ʻo ka mea nui ma ke komohana komohana o Farani mai Dunkirk a i Saint-Nazaire.Nui nā mea i lawe ʻia mai Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria a me Kanada.

ʻO Jean Prouvé ka mea kākoʻo mua o ka hale alumini i kūkulu mua ʻia a me ka hale kila, nāna i hāʻawi i kahi hopena hou no ka "hale demountable," hiki ke maʻalahi ke kūkulu ʻia a ma hope "demounted" a neʻe i kahi ʻē inā pono.'O ke 'ano o ka hale e like me ke kila gantry, 'o ia ke 'ano o ka hale, me ka hale ma'amau i hana 'ia me ka alumini, a me nā panela waho i hana 'ia me ka lā'au, ka alumini a i 'ole ka mea hui.ʻO ka nui o kēia mau mea i hana ʻia ma nā pae nui i noi ʻia e ka Ministry of Reconstruction.I ka wā o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i ka hale hana ʻo Prouvé's Maxéville i 1949, ʻo Eugène Claudius-Petit, a laila ke Kuhina Hoʻohou a me Urbanism, ua hōʻike i kona manaʻo paʻa e paipai i ka hana ʻenehana o ka "hale hoʻokele waiwai hou (prefabricated)."

I kēia lā, mālama ʻia ka nui o nā hale alumini a me nā hale kila o Prouvé e ka hale kiʻi kiʻi a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili kiʻi ʻo Patrick Seguin (Galerie Patrick Seguin) a me Éric Touchaleaume (Galerie 54 a me la Friche l'Escalette).He ʻumi o nā hale maʻamau o Prouvé a me ʻehā o kāna mau hale ʻano coques Maison i kūkulu ʻia ma waena o 1949 - 1952 he mau hale i loko o ka hale liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻoCité“Sans souci, " ma ka ʻaoʻao o Paris ma Muedon.

Ua wehe ʻia ka hale noho pilikino o Prouvé i ka makahiki 1954 a me kāna hale hana 1946 i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i nā malihini mai ka hopena pule mua o Iune a i ka hopena pule hope o Kepakemapa ma Nancy, Farani.ʻO ka Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy kekahi o nā hōʻiliʻili lehulehu o nā mea i hana ʻia e Prouvé.

Ua hōʻike ka mea kākau ʻo Elisabeth Blanchet i ka hale hōʻikeʻike ʻo "Mémoire de Soye i hana hou i ʻekolu mau 'baraques' ʻokoʻa: kahi UK 100, kahi Farani a me kahi Kanada.Hoʻoponopono hou ʻia lākou me nā lako mai ke kaua a me ka wā ma hope o ke kaua.ʻO Mémoire de Soye wale nō ka hale hōʻikeʻike ma Farani kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke kipa i nā prefab post-war.Aia ka hale hōʻikeʻike ma Lorient, Brittany.Aia kā lākou pūnaewele (ma ka ʻōlelo Palani):http://www.soye.org

E ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā hale alumini a me nā hale kila ma hope o Farani ma hope o WW II ma kaʻu ʻatikala ma nā hale demountable o Jean Prouvé ma ka loulou aʻe.https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Jean-Prouvé-demountable-houses-converted.pdf

5. I ka hopena

I ka US, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana nui ma hope o ke kaua o ka alumini prefabricated a me nā hale kila.ʻO Lustron ka mea hana nui loa me nā hale 2,498.Ma UK, ua kūkulu ʻia ma luna o 92,800 hale alumini a me ke kila ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka boom hale ma hope o ke kaua i hāʻawi i ka huina o 156,623 mau hale kūʻokoʻa i hana mua ʻia o nā ʻano āpau ma waena o 1945 a me 1949, i ka pau ʻana o ka papahana.Ma Farani, ua kūkulu ʻia nā haneli o nā hale alumini a me nā hale kila ma hope o WW II, me ka nui o nā hale i hoʻohana mua ʻia i hale no ka poʻe i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ke kaua.ʻAʻole i ulu nā manawa kūpono no ka hana nui ʻana o ia mau hale ma Farani.

ʻO ka nele o ka kūleʻa i ka US ua ala mai nā kumu he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi:

  • ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi laina hana nui no nā hale i hana mua ʻia, ʻoiai i loko o kahi hale hana kaua nui keu i loaʻa i ka mea hana hale ma nā ʻōlelo kālā maikaʻi.
  • ʻO ke kaulahao lako ʻole e kākoʻo i ka hale hana hale (ʻo ia hoʻi, pono nā mea hoʻolako ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hale hana mokulele mua).
  • Kūʻai maikaʻi ʻole, hāʻawi ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana no nā hale i hana ʻia.
  • ʻO nā loina hale kūʻokoʻa like ʻole i mākaukau ʻole a me nā ʻōnaehana zoning i kū i ke ala o ka noho ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻolālā maʻamau, nā hale prefab ʻaʻole maʻamau.
  • ʻO ke kūʻē ʻana mai nā uniona kūkulu hale a me nā limahana i makemake ʻole e nalowale i ka hana i nā hale i hana ʻia e nā hale hana.
  • Hoʻokahi wale nō mea hana, ʻo Lustron, i hana i nā hale prefab i nā helu nui a loaʻa paha ka pōmaikaʻi mai ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka hana nui.ʻO nā mea hana ʻē aʻe i hana i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hana i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hana akamai i ka hana nui.
  • Hoʻemi ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia ke kumukūʻai kumu kūʻai mua i wānana ʻia no nā hale alumini a me nā hale kila, ʻo ia hoʻi no Lustron.ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū ma ke kumu kūʻai me nā hale i hana maʻamau.
  • Ma ka hihia o Lustron, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi hewa ʻana i ka Reconstruction Finance Corporation e hoʻopaʻa i nā hōʻaiʻē a Lustron, e koi ana i ka hui i kahi banekorupa mua.

Mai kēia mau haʻawina ma hope o ka WW II i aʻo ʻia, a me ka hoihoi hou ʻana i "nā hale liʻiliʻi", me he mea lā e pono e loaʻa kahi hihia ʻoihana no kahi hale hana hou, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia, akamai no ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā hale hana paʻa paʻa i hana ʻia. mai aluminika, kila, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Hiki i kēia mau hale i hana mua ʻia ke ʻano haʻahaʻa, ʻano hou, nani, ʻoi aku ka ikaika (LEED-certified), a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i kahi degere ʻoiai e pili ana i kahi hoʻolālā maʻamau.Pono e hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau hale no ka hana nui ʻana a me ka noho ʻana ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma nā kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi ʻāpana.Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au aia kahi mākeke nui ma US no kēia ʻano hale kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai he mea ia e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hemahema o nā hale kūʻai maʻamau i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kaona.Eia nō naʻe, aia nō nā pilikia nui e hoʻokō ʻia, ʻoi aku hoʻi i kahi e kū ai nā uniona limahana hana i ke ala a, ma Kaleponi, kahi e makemake ʻole ai kekahi i kahi hale prefabricated haʻahaʻa e pili ana i kā lākou McMansion.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoiho i kahi kope pdf o kēia pou, ʻaʻole me nā ʻatikala pākahi, ma aneʻi:

https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Post-WW-II-aluminum-steel-prefab-houses-converted.pdf
6. No ka 'ike hou aku

ʻO ka pilikia o ka hale ma hope o ka WW II a me nā hale i hana mua ʻia:

UK ma hope o WW II pilikia hale a me ka hale hana mua:

Palani ma hope o WW II pilikia hale a me nā hale hana mua:

Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-12-2022
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